¿Qué son los posbióticos?

el sardinero
El Sardinero

Postbióticos es un término relativamente nuevo que se ha acuñado para referirse a los subproductos metabólicos de esas bacterias probióticas, que parecen ser responsables de muchos de los efectos beneficiosos de los probióticos.

Los tres términos (prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos) tienen que ver con los billones de bacterias que viven y trabajan en nuestro tracto digestivo. Comprender las complejas interacciones entre nosotros y nuestros huéspedes invisibles se ha convertido en la vanguardia de la investigación sobre nutrición y salud. Todo lo que creíamos saber sobre nutrición, digestión, inmunidad y metabolismo ahora está siendo reevaluado a través de la lente del microbioma. ¿Quién diría que estas pequeñas criaturas eran tan importantes?

Probiótico frente a prebiótico

Probiótico se refiere a las bacterias que obtenemos de los alimentos (y suplementos) que se cree que tienen efectos beneficiosos en el cuerpo. Los lactobacilos y las bifidobacterias que obtenemos del yogur, por ejemplo, son algunos de los tipos más comunes de bacterias probióticas.

Prebiótico se refiere a los alimentos que consumimos que también proporcionan combustible a las bacterias que habitan en nuestros intestinos. Este combustible se encuentra principalmente en forma de fibras vegetales de vegetales, granos y legumbres. Los humanos carecemos de las enzimas para digerir estas fibras, por lo que llegan más o menos intactas al colon grande. A diferencia de nosotros, las bacterias que viven allí tienen las enzimas para digerirlas. Comer más de estos alimentos puede reforzar la salud y la vitalidad de su población intestinal.

El simbiótico es otro término con el que te puedes encontrar. Esto se refiere a un producto que combina bacterias probióticas con fibras prebióticas, algo así como comprar un producto para su césped que incluye semillas de césped y alimento vegetal para ayudarlo a crecer.

¿Qué son los postbióticos?

Postbióticos es un término relativamente nuevo que se ha acuñado para referirse a los subproductos metabólicos de esas bacterias probióticas. Los subproductos metabólicos son una especie de forma depurada de decir «productos de desecho». Pero solo sirve para mostrarle que la basura de un organismo es el tesoro de otro organismo: estas bacterias producen y excretan compuestos en nuestro tracto digestivo, que parecen ser responsables de muchos de los efectos beneficiosos de los probióticos.

A medida que realizan su actividad celular, las bacterias producen (entre otras cosas) peróxido de hidrógeno. Esto puede protegernos de la salmonela y otras bacterias o levaduras patógenas que podrían estar merodeando por el vecindario en busca de problemas.

Los ácidos grasos de cadena corta también son subproductos del metabolismo bacteriano. Uno de ellos, el ácido acético, es la sustancia que le da al vinagre su distintivo sabor. Y esta puede ser una de las formas en que un microbioma saludable puede promover un peso corporal saludable. Cuando tienes más bacterias beneficiosas, estas producen más ácido acético, lo que ayuda a regular tu azúcar en sangre y le da a tu metabolismo un ligero impulso.

El ácido butírico es otro ácido graso de cadena corta producido por las bacterias intestinales. Ayuda a promover la salud del colon al proporcionar una fuente de energía para las células del colon.

Otros compuestos posbióticos incluyen betaglucanos, ciertas vitaminas, varias enzimas e incluso fragmentos de paredes celulares que activan el sistema inmunológico del huésped.

Todavía tenemos un largo camino por recorrer para comprender cómo nuestra microbiota influye en nuestra salud y, a la inversa, cómo podemos influir en nuestra microbiota. Pero comprender más sobre estos compuestos posbióticos puede ser una gran parte del panorama.

Por ejemplo, pueden facilitar la evaluación de la salud de nuestro microbioma y ver cómo está respondiendo a nuestras intervenciones. En lugar de tener que contar y catalogar cada cepa de bacterias presentes en el intestino de un sujeto, muchas de las cuales en realidad no están haciendo nada de una forma u otra, podría ser más simple y más directo medir simplemente la presencia de estos compuestos activos. Incluso hay algunos científicos que intentan desarrollar una especie de «papel higiénico inteligente» que facilite esta tarea.

Los posbióticos también podrían tener un potencial terapéutico directo. En lugar de intentar alterar la composición de nuestra población intestinal con alimentos, suplementos o incluso trasplantes fecales, podríamos administrar estos compuestos posbióticos directamente. Quizás serían útiles cuando los pacientes requieran antibióticos u otras terapias que alteren el microbioma.

Los compuestos posbióticos se están estudiando por sus efectos antiinflamatorios, inmunomoduladores, cardioprotectores y anticancerígenos. Los investigadores también están estudiando el uso de postbióticos para reducir la inflamación y el llamado «síndrome del intestino permeable», e incluso mejorar el rendimiento deportivo.

Una ventaja de usar postbióticos en lugar de prebióticos es que no requiere la introducción de bacterias vivas en el sistema. Esto podría ser útil para pacientes inmunodeficientes o comprometidos que quizás no puedan tomar bacterias probióticas vivas. Y debido a que los posbióticos no requieren que estén presentes bacterias vivas para ser efectivos, también son mucho más fáciles de fabricar y almacenar.

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