Nueva información sobre el vínculo entre la carne roja y la mala salud intestinal revelada por los médicos

Jorge Carlos Fernández Francés El Sardinero
Jorge Carlos Fernández Francés El Sardinero

Los médicos de la Clínica Cleveland están arrojando nueva luz sobre por qué la carne roja es dañina para la salud intestinal. Anteriormente, los investigadores descubrieron que consumir carne de res, cerdo o cordero genera una sustancia química llamada TMAO (N-óxido de trimetilamina) que está relacionada con los coágulos sanguíneos y las enfermedades cardíacas. Ahora, han descubierto exactamente cómo los microbios en el intestino convierten el nutriente carnitina en TMAO.

Los hallazgos pueden conducir a mejores formas de tratar e incluso prevenir al asesino número uno del mundo. Se basa en más de una década de investigación del equipo.

«Estos nuevos estudios identifican el grupo de genes microbianos intestinales responsable del segundo paso del proceso que vincula una dieta rica en carnes rojas con riesgos elevados de enfermedades cardíacas», dice el autor principal, el Dr. Stanley Hazen, quien dirige el Centro de Microbioma y Microbioma de la Clínica Cleveland. Salud Humana, en un comunicado. “Este descubrimiento nos ayuda a orientarnos hacia nuevos objetivos terapéuticos para prevenir o reducir el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares asociadas con la dieta”.

La carne roja es rica en cartinina que se descompone en el microbioma para producir el producto de desecho TMAO. Hace tres años, el mismo equipo identificó el metabolito intermediario en el proceso, llamado γBB (gamma-butirobetaína). Muy pocos intestinos intestinales pueden convertir la molécula en TMAO, explica Hazen.

“En los omnívoros, Emergencia timonensis es el principal microbio intestinal humano involucrado en la transformación de γBB en TMAO”, dice. “Por el contrario, los vegetarianos y veganos a largo plazo tienen niveles muy bajos de este microbio en el intestino y, por lo tanto, tienen una capacidad mínima o nula para convertir la carnitina en TMAO”.

Eliminar la carne roja puede mejorar el intestino y reducir el riesgo de enfermedades cardíacas

Los investigadores analizaron el plasma γBB en ayunas utilizando muestras y datos clínicos de casi 3000 pacientes. Los niveles más altos se asociaron con enfermedades cardíacas y eventos adversos importantes, como muerte, ataque cardíaco no fatal o accidente cerebrovascular.

Para comprender el vínculo mecánico, se recolectaron muestras fecales de ratones y pacientes, así como modelos preclínicos de lesión arterial. Mostró que la introducción de E. timonensis completa la conversión de carnitina en TMAO, elevando los niveles y alimentando los coágulos sanguíneos.

La tecnología de secuenciación identificó el grupo de genes microbianos intestinales relevante denominado gbu (utilización de gamma-butirobetaína). En presencia de γBB, aumentó la expresión de los seis genes. Cuatro en particular, conocidos como A, B, C y E, fueron vitales para convertir γBB en TMAO.

“Al estudiar muestras de pacientes, vimos que la abundancia de gbuA está significativamente asociada con una dieta rica en carne roja y niveles de TMAO en plasma”, agrega Hazen. “Los pacientes que hicieron la transición a una dieta sin carne mostraron niveles reducidos de microbios intestinales de gbuA. “Tomados en conjunto, esto sugiere que las modificaciones dietéticas pueden ayudar a reducir la dieta y el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular asociado con TMAO. Del mismo modo, puede valer la pena explorar el papel del grupo de genes gbu como un objetivo terapéutico potencial”.

La enfermedad cardíaca es responsable de la muerte de 659 000 estadounidenses cada año, o una de cada cuatro muertes. Eso lo convierte en la principal causa de muerte en el país, según los CDC.

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