El primer ensayo controlado en humanos muestra que reducir las calorías mejora la salud y la longevidad

Jorge Carlos Fernández Francés El Sardinero
Jorge Carlos Fernández Francés El Sardinero

Para algunos investigadores del envejecimiento, el secreto de la longevidad es simple: comer menos.

Décadas de investigación han demostrado que la restricción moderada de calorías, sin ninguna otra intervención, aumenta la esperanza de vida saludable en moscas, gusanos y ratones. Sin embargo, mencionar la restricción calórica, o «RC», en humanos en cualquier foro de longevidad, desencadenará un furioso debate entre los defensores acérrimos y los disidentes apasionados.

La razón también es simple: solo tenemos teorías, pero carecemos de datos suficientes en humanos. Es extremadamente difícil realizar una prueba que obligue a las personas a reducir constantemente sus calorías de manera controlada. Después de todo, pocas personas quieren seguir constantemente una dieta estricta. Y si el truco funciona, es aún más difícil averiguar por qué. Pero si podemos echar un vistazo a los fundamentos biológicos de la restricción calórica, podríamos activar artificialmente «programas» moleculares que aumenten la esperanza de vida, mientras desactivamos aquellos que son perjudiciales para una vida larga y saludable.

Entra CALERÍA. El ensayo Evaluación integral de los efectos a largo plazo de la reducción del consumo de energía es el primer estudio controlado de RC en el Joe promedio, dirigido por científicos de la Universidad de Yale y Pennington Biomedical Research, el ensayo encontró que reducir las calorías en solo un 14 por ciento durante 2 años, aproximadamente un panecillo menos por día, confería múltiples beneficios para la salud que se sabe que combaten el envejecimiento.

La fuente de la juventud parecía provenir de una proteína en la unión entre el metabolismo y la inmunidad, que caía precipitadamente después de hacer dieta.

“Dos años de restricción calórica modesta reprogramaron las vías en las células grasas que ayudan a regular la forma en que las mitocondrias generan energía, las respuestas antiinflamatorias del cuerpo y, potencialmente, la longevidad”, dijo el autor del estudio, el Dr. Eric Ravussin. “En otras palabras, la restricción calórica modifica muchas de las respuestas metabólicas e inmunitarias que aumentan la esperanza de vida y la salud”.

Yendo un paso más allá, el equipo desactivó la proteína en ratones. Sin reducir las calorías, los roedores tenían menos inflamación asociada con el envejecimiento y un timo, un órgano que produce células inmunitarias, y un metabolismo más eficiente en comparación con sus compañeros de edad similar.

«CR ha sido una piedra angular de la biología del envejecimiento durante décadas», dijo el Dr. Timothy Rhoads y Rozalyn Anderson de la Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, que no participaron en el estudio. Pero, continuaron, aparte de las recomendaciones de estilo de vida, la clave es descubrir por qué funciona. Al hacerlo, podemos descubrir qué nos hace vulnerables al envejecimiento y qué nos hace más fuertes.

Hablemos de peso
CALERIE es un estudio considerable, tanto en objetivos como en alcance. El objetivo general es agregar datos sólidos al debate de larga duración: ¿la restricción calórica retarda los signos del envejecimiento en los humanos?

Luego viene el mapeo de la triple danza entre la «santa trinidad» de la restricción calórica, la inflamación y la inmunidad: ¿cómo se combinan para controlar la longevidad? Estudios anteriores encontraron que reducir las calorías en ratones a veces aumentaba su probabilidad de infección. Pero otros encontraron que redujo la inflamación relacionada con la edad para ayudar a preservar la función de los tejidos.

“Aquí nos preguntamos: ¿qué le está haciendo la restricción calórica a los sistemas inmunitario y metabólico y, si es realmente beneficiosa, cómo podemos aprovechar las vías endógenas [dentro del cuerpo] que imitan sus efectos en los humanos?”. dijo el autor principal Dr. Vishwa Deep Dixit.

El estudio tomó un camino notablemente diferente al de investigaciones anteriores sobre la restricción calórica. En lugar de comenzar con animales de laboratorio (moscas, gusanos y ratones), el equipo recurrió directamente a 200 voluntarios humanos. Primero establecieron la ingesta calórica de referencia en los participantes durante dos semanas utilizando un método estricto que calcula la cantidad de energía que ingieren en comparación con la cantidad que gastan. Luego, los participantes fueron seguidos durante seis meses con estrictas pruebas de laboratorio de su composición corporal, por ejemplo, músculo versus grasa. Establecido el punto de partida, algunos participantes redujeron sus calorías en aproximadamente un 14 por ciento durante los próximos dos años, mientras comían lo que quisieran.

Estudios previos en roedores que redujeron sus calorías a casi la mitad dieron como resultado un mejor funcionamiento de su timo y de las células T inmunitarias, así como una disminución de las moléculas que promueven la inflamación. El equipo preguntó si lo mismo era posible en humanos sin una caída drástica e insostenible de calorías.

Dijeron, en resumen, que sí.

Usando resonancia magnética, el equipo descubrió que la restricción calórica aumentaba el tamaño del timo en las personas que reducían las calorías. Una pequeña gota que se encuentra entre los pulmones, el timo es fundamental para la función inmunológica, actuando como cuna para poderosas células inmunológicas. Con la edad, el timo se reduce rápidamente de tamaño, lo que a su vez hace que los ancianos sean más propensos a las infecciones.

Para cuando los adultos sanos alcanzan los 40 años, explicó Dixit, aproximadamente el 70 por ciento del timo ya es graso y no funcional.

La restricción calórica no solo preservó el tamaño del timo; también aumentó su función, con una producción mucho mayor de células T inmunes. El grupo de control, que no restringió las calorías, no obtuvo ningún beneficio inmunológico o de timo. “Desde mi punto de vista, el hecho de que este órgano pueda rejuvenecerse es sorprendente porque hay muy poca evidencia de que esto suceda en humanos”, dijo Dixit. «Que esto sea posible es muy emocionante».

Hablemos por qué
Aparte de la función del timo, las personas que hicieron dieta también tenían menos neumáticos grasos alrededor de la cintura, mejores reacciones a la insulina y vasos sanguíneos y corazones más sanos.

Profundizando más, el equipo preguntó por qué reducir las calorías, algo relacionado con el metabolismo, tiene un impacto en el sistema inmunológico y una longevidad saludable. El trabajo en roedores mostró previamente que las células grasas son actores centrales en la inflamación y la inmunidad. Aquí, los investigadores tomaron muestras de las células grasas de los participantes y programaron exhaustivamente su expresión génica para observar las vías biológicas activadas.

Con la pantalla, ampliaron un gen, PLA2G7, que se apagó drásticamente con la dieta. Un bocado de un nombre, el gen es algo así como un misterio, con sus funciones biológicas no muy conocidas. Con un poco de investigación seria, el equipo encontró un papel tenue para la proteína que produce el gen: podría conectarse con moléculas grasas que provocan inflamación. Rodilla el gen, y puede apagar la inflamación pero encender la longevidad.

Probando su teoría, el equipo eliminó PLA2G7 en ratones. Sorprendentemente, eliminar este gen redujo drásticamente la obesidad en ratones con una dieta alta en grasas. Las moléculas inflamatorias que circulan en su sangre se redujeron drásticamente y los ratones tenían un mejor perfil inmunológico general. Equivalente a aproximadamente 70 años en la edad humana, el timo de los ratones ancianos floreció hasta la vejez, con una masa mucho mayor.

¿Reduzcamos las calorías?
CALERIE es uno de los primeros estudios que demuestra que reducir un poco las calorías en los seres humanos mejora las funciones que normalmente disminuyen con el envejecimiento. El ensayo, ahora en su segunda fase, no es perfecto: aún no conocemos las consecuencias a largo plazo de reducir las calorías o qué sucede cuando las personas vuelven a su ingesta calórica normal. Porque seamos realistas: es extremadamente difícil mantener una dieta durante años.

Pero lo que es más importante, el estudio abrió una ruta nueva y poco ortodoxa en la investigación de la longevidad. Al estudiar un tratamiento potencial en personas primero y luego probar el por qué en animales de laboratorio, en lugar de hacerlo al revés, ahora hemos descubierto un nuevo impulsor de los beneficios de la restricción calórica. Y si, como concluye el estudio, la clave para combatir el envejecimiento se encuentra en la intersección entre el metabolismo y el sistema inmunitario en los humanos, más “estudios similares pueden indicarnos objetivos potenciales que pueden mejorar la función inmunitaria, reducir la inflamación y, potencialmente, incluso mejorar la vida útil saludable. ”, dijo Dixit. Tal vez sin tener que hacer dieta.

Ahora, ¿Qué tal ese segundo trozo de pastel?

214 comentarios

  1. Wow, fantastic blog format! How lengthy have you been running a blog for?

    you make running a blog look easy. The overall look of your site is great, as well as the content material!
    You can see similar here ecommerce

  2. Aw, this was an exceptionally nice post. Spending some time and actual effort to create a top notch article… but what can I say… I hesitate a whole lot and never manage to get anything done.

  3. An outstanding share! I have just forwarded this onto a co-worker who has been conducting a little homework on this. And he actually bought me dinner simply because I found it for him… lol. So let me reword this…. Thank YOU for the meal!! But yeah, thanx for spending time to discuss this subject here on your web site.

  4. An outstanding share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a colleague who has been doing a little homework on this. And he actually bought me lunch simply because I found it for him… lol. So let me reword this…. Thanks for the meal!! But yeah, thanx for spending some time to discuss this matter here on your blog.

  5. After I initially left a comment I appear to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on every time a comment is added I recieve 4 emails with the same comment. There has to be a means you can remove me from that service? Thank you.

  6. Greetings, I believe your web site might be having internet browser compatibility problems. When I look at your site in Safari, it looks fine however when opening in IE, it has some overlapping issues. I simply wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other than that, wonderful site.

  7. Oh my goodness! Awesome article dude! Thank you, However I am encountering problems with your RSS. I don’t understand the reason why I am unable to subscribe to it. Is there anybody getting the same RSS problems? Anyone that knows the answer will you kindly respond? Thanks.

  8. I’m impressed, I must say. Rarely do I come across a blog that’s both educative and entertaining, and without a doubt, you have hit the nail on the head. The issue is something that not enough men and women are speaking intelligently about. I’m very happy I stumbled across this during my search for something concerning this.

  9. You have made some really good points there. I checked on the net to find out more about the issue and found most people will go along with your views on this web site.

  10. I was more than happy to discover this web site. I want to to thank you for your time for this wonderful read!! I definitely enjoyed every part of it and i also have you saved to fav to check out new things on your web site.

  11. A motivating discussion is definitely worth comment. I believe that you need to publish more about this subject matter, it might not be a taboo subject but usually people do not talk about such issues. To the next! Best wishes!

  12. Right here is the right site for anybody who would like to find out about this topic. You realize so much its almost hard to argue with you (not that I actually would want to…HaHa). You definitely put a brand new spin on a topic that’s been discussed for years. Great stuff, just excellent.

  13. An outstanding share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a friend who has been conducting a little homework on this. And he in fact ordered me breakfast due to the fact that I found it for him… lol. So let me reword this…. Thank YOU for the meal!! But yeah, thanks for spending the time to talk about this issue here on your internet site.

  14. This is the right webpage for anybody who hopes to find out about this topic. You understand a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I actually will need to…HaHa). You definitely put a brand new spin on a topic that has been written about for decades. Wonderful stuff, just wonderful.

  15. Spot on with this write-up, I seriously believe this web site needs a lot more attention. I’ll probably be back again to read through more, thanks for the info.

  16. Hi, I do believe this is an excellent blog. I stumbledupon it 😉 I’m going to return yet again since I book marked it. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to help others.

  17. I would like to thank you for the efforts you have put in writing this blog. I really hope to check out the same high-grade content from you later on as well. In fact, your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my very own site now 😉

  18. Can I simply just say what a relief to uncover a person that really understands what they are talking about over the internet. You certainly realize how to bring a problem to light and make it important. A lot more people ought to read this and understand this side of your story. I was surprised you’re not more popular given that you surely possess the gift.

  19. Having read this I believed it was very informative. I appreciate you spending some time and effort to put this content together. I once again find myself spending a significant amount of time both reading and commenting. But so what, it was still worth it!

  20. Nice post. I learn something totally new and challenging on blogs I stumbleupon every day. It’s always useful to read articles from other writers and use something from other sites.

  21. When I originally left a comment I seem to have clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on every time a comment is added I recieve four emails with the same comment. There has to be a way you can remove me from that service? Thanks.

  22. An outstanding share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a coworker who had been doing a little homework on this. And he actually ordered me lunch simply because I discovered it for him… lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thank YOU for the meal!! But yeah, thanx for spending time to discuss this subject here on your site.

  23. Hi, I do believe this is a great web site. I stumbledupon it 😉 I will come back yet again since i have saved as a favorite it. Money and freedom is the greatest way to change, may you be rich and continue to help other people.

  24. Hi, I do think this is an excellent website. I stumbledupon it 😉 I will come back yet again since I saved as a favorite it. Money and freedom is the greatest way to change, may you be rich and continue to guide other people.

  25. When I originally commented I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now every time a comment is added I receive four emails with the exact same comment. Is there an easy method you are able to remove me from that service? Thank you.

  26. Hi there! I could have sworn I’ve visited your blog before but after browsing through many of the posts I realized it’s new to me. Regardless, I’m certainly happy I came across it and I’ll be bookmarking it and checking back often!

  27. Incorporating Sugar Protector right into my day-to-day program has been a game-changer for my general wellness.
    As someone who already focuses on healthy eating, this supplement has
    actually given an included increase of defense.
    in my power levels, and my wish for undesirable treats so uncomplicated can have such
    an extensive effect on my every day life.

  28. The next time I read a blog, Hopefully it won’t fail me as much as this one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read, but I truly thought you’d have something useful to say. All I hear is a bunch of crying about something that you can fix if you weren’t too busy looking for attention.

  29. Having read this I thought it was very informative. I appreciate you spending some time and effort to put this information together. I once again find myself spending way too much time both reading and posting comments. But so what, it was still worth it!

  30. Excellent web site you’ve got here.. It’s hard to find high-quality writing like yours nowadays. I honestly appreciate people like you! Take care!!

  31. Hi there! This article could not be written much better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He always kept talking about this. I am going to forward this post to him. Fairly certain he will have a good read. Many thanks for sharing!

  32. Having read this I thought it was extremely enlightening. I appreciate you taking the time and energy to put this article together. I once again find myself personally spending a significant amount of time both reading and posting comments. But so what, it was still worth it!

  33. After going over a few of the blog posts on your blog, I seriously appreciate your technique of writing a blog. I saved it to my bookmark webpage list and will be checking back soon. Please check out my web site as well and tell me what you think.

  34. I seriously love your blog.. Great colors & theme. Did you build this site yourself? Please reply back as I’m trying to create my very own blog and want to find out where you got this from or just what the theme is called. Cheers!

  35. I absolutely love your site.. Pleasant colors & theme. Did you create this web site yourself? Please reply back as I’m hoping to create my own blog and would love to learn where you got this from or just what the theme is named. Appreciate it!

  36. The next time I read a blog, Hopefully it does not disappoint me just as much as this particular one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read, nonetheless I genuinely thought you’d have something helpful to say. All I hear is a bunch of complaining about something you could possibly fix if you weren’t too busy looking for attention.

  37. The very next time I read a blog, Hopefully it does not disappoint me as much as this one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read through, but I really thought you would probably have something useful to talk about. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something that you can fix if you were not too busy looking for attention.

  38. The next time I read a blog, I hope that it doesn’t fail me as much as this particular one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read, nonetheless I actually believed you would have something interesting to talk about. All I hear is a bunch of crying about something you can fix if you were not too busy searching for attention.

  39. Oh my goodness! Awesome article dude! Many thanks, However I am experiencing problems with your RSS. I don’t know why I cannot subscribe to it. Is there anybody else having similar RSS issues? Anyone that knows the answer can you kindly respond? Thanks!!

  40. Good post. I learn something totally new and challenging on blogs I stumbleupon everyday. It’s always useful to read through articles from other writers and practice something from other sites.

  41. After I originally commented I appear to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now every time a comment is added I receive 4 emails with the same comment. Perhaps there is a means you are able to remove me from that service? Appreciate it.

  42. Howdy! This post couldn’t be written much better! Reading through this article reminds me of my previous roommate! He always kept preaching about this. I will send this post to him. Pretty sure he’ll have a very good read. Thanks for sharing!

  43. sugar defender official website Finding Sugar Defender has been a game-changer for me,
    as I have actually always been vigilant regarding managing my blood sugar levels.
    With this supplement, I really feel encouraged to take charge of my health, and my most recent clinical check-ups have actually mirrored a significant turn-around.

    Having a credible ally in my edge offers me with
    a sense of security and peace of mind, and I’m deeply appreciative for the profound distinction Sugar Defender has
    made in my health.

  44. This is the perfect webpage for everyone who wishes to understand this topic. You know so much its almost tough to argue with you (not that I actually will need to…HaHa). You certainly put a fresh spin on a topic that has been written about for many years. Wonderful stuff, just excellent.

  45. Right here is the right website for anybody who wishes to find out about this topic. You know a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I personally would want to…HaHa). You definitely put a brand new spin on a topic that’s been discussed for many years. Wonderful stuff, just great.

  46. Hi, I do think this is an excellent blog. I stumbledupon it 😉 I am going to return yet again since i have book marked it. Money and freedom is the greatest way to change, may you be rich and continue to guide others.

  47. Hi there! I could have sworn I’ve been to this blog before but after going through a few of the articles I realized it’s new to me. Anyways, I’m definitely happy I found it and I’ll be bookmarking it and checking back frequently.

  48. Your style is unique compared to other people I have read stuff from. Many thanks for posting when you’ve got the opportunity, Guess I will just book mark this blog.

  49. Right here is the perfect site for anybody who hopes to find out about this topic. You realize a whole lot its almost tough to argue with you (not that I actually would want to…HaHa). You certainly put a brand new spin on a topic that has been written about for a long time. Great stuff, just wonderful.

  50. May I just say what a comfort to uncover someone who actually understands what they are discussing online. You certainly realize how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people must read this and understand this side of your story. I can’t believe you aren’t more popular given that you surely have the gift.

  51. I was very happy to discover this great site. I need to to thank you for ones time for this particularly wonderful read!! I definitely loved every little bit of it and I have you saved to fav to look at new things on your blog.

  52. I blog frequently and I seriously thank you for your content. This article has truly peaked my interest. I will book mark your website and keep checking for new information about once per week. I opted in for your RSS feed too.

  53. You’ve made some good points there. I checked on the web for more info about the issue and found most individuals will go along with your views on this web site.

  54. This is the right site for anybody who wants to understand this topic. You understand a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I really will need to…HaHa). You certainly put a brand new spin on a subject that has been written about for years. Excellent stuff, just great.

  55. Right here is the right web site for anybody who would like to understand this topic. You understand a whole lot its almost tough to argue with you (not that I actually would want to…HaHa). You certainly put a fresh spin on a topic that’s been discussed for years. Excellent stuff, just great.

  56. Hi, I do think this is an excellent web site. I stumbledupon it 😉 I may revisit once again since I bookmarked it. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to guide others.

  57. Everything is very open with a really clear clarification of the issues. It was definitely informative. Your site is very useful. Thank you for sharing.

  58. I must thank you for the efforts you’ve put in writing this site. I’m hoping to see the same high-grade blog posts by you later on as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own, personal site now 😉

  59. You’re so cool! I do not suppose I’ve truly read something like that before. So wonderful to discover another person with some original thoughts on this issue. Seriously.. many thanks for starting this up. This website is something that is needed on the internet, someone with a bit of originality.

  60. Having read this I thought it was really informative. I appreciate you finding the time and energy to put this content together. I once again find myself personally spending a significant amount of time both reading and commenting. But so what, it was still worth it.

  61. Can I simply say what a relief to discover an individual who truly knows what they are discussing online. You actually understand how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More and more people should read this and understand this side of your story. I was surprised that you’re not more popular since you certainly possess the gift.

  62. The next time I read a blog, Hopefully it won’t disappoint me just as much as this particular one. After all, I know it was my choice to read through, however I truly thought you would probably have something useful to talk about. All I hear is a bunch of crying about something you could possibly fix if you were not too busy seeking attention.

  63. Aw, this was a very nice post. Finding the time and actual effort to create a great article… but what can I say… I put things off a lot and don’t seem to get anything done.

  64. Right here is the perfect website for anyone who would like to understand this topic. You realize a whole lot its almost tough to argue with you (not that I actually would want to…HaHa). You definitely put a fresh spin on a topic that has been written about for many years. Great stuff, just wonderful.

  65. Your style is unique in comparison to other folks I’ve read stuff from. Thank you for posting when you’ve got the opportunity, Guess I’ll just book mark this web site.

  66. Greetings! Very useful advice in this particular post! It is the little changes that will make the largest changes. Thanks for sharing!

  67. Hello, I do believe your blog may be having internet browser compatibility issues. When I look at your website in Safari, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping issues. I merely wanted to provide you with a quick heads up! Other than that, excellent blog.

  68. May I just say what a comfort to uncover someone who genuinely knows what they are discussing on the internet. You actually know how to bring a problem to light and make it important. More people need to look at this and understand this side of the story. I was surprised you’re not more popular because you surely possess the gift.

  69. I’m impressed, I must say. Rarely do I encounter a blog that’s both educative and interesting, and without a doubt, you’ve hit the nail on the head. The issue is an issue that too few people are speaking intelligently about. I am very happy that I came across this during my hunt for something relating to this.

  70. Hi, I do believe this is a great site. I stumbledupon it 😉 I will come back yet again since I bookmarked it. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to guide others.

  71. Hello there! This post could not be written much better! Looking through this article reminds me of my previous roommate! He always kept talking about this. I’ll forward this post to him. Fairly certain he’ll have a good read. I appreciate you for sharing!

Dejar un comentario

Tu dirección de correo electrónico no será publicada. Los campos obligatorios están marcados con *